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Speakers (4)
1. Speaker Z (Impedance) Z = R + X (R= Resistance, X=Reactance)
*Z is Frequency Dependent (opposition varies with frequency): In Speakers => Z is varies as a “Norminal(Average)” Z
In speaker: CAP (Capacitor) - In series circuit => HPF (High Pass Filter) - In parallel circuit => LPF (Low Pass Filter)
IND (Inductor) - In series circuit => LPF - In Parallel circuit => HPF
Typical speaker Z’s Resistance: Z Ω —————————-> R (Ω) 2 Ω —————————->1.4 4 Ω —————————->3.3 8 Ω —————————->7.4 16 Ω —————————->15.2 *Reactance (X) only appears when the speaker is in use
2. Speaker Combo
<Series connection> For total Z = add individual Z eg. 4 x 8Ω speaker = 32Ω total Z
<Parallel connection> For total Z = divide by # of speakers eg. 4 x 8Ω speakers = 2Ω total Z (Equal value formula: Z / # of speakers)
*Speakers in Series connection: a) No output gain b) If one speaker blows then the other blows c) Used to make proper total Z d) Used to extend bandwidth: 'Acoustic coupling' - 2 or more speakers connected together (in series connection) will couple & behave as one speaker of their total diameter ex) 4 x 10'' speakers = 1 x 40" speaker
*Speakers in Parallel connection: a) Double (+3dB) output b) Independent operation c) Be careful of overload
3. Amplifiers
<Power Amps> To match speakers, i) Must see a 'load' Z of Amp ii) Must see a specific load Z for linear operation
*If mismatch Amp's Load Z to Speaker's Z:
a) If impedance of an amplifier is too low - Over current, speaker distortion - Distort at a lower volume
b) If impedance of an amplifier is too high - Under current distortion - Stay clean at a higher volume
*Amp's Wattage rating: e.g.)
e.g.)
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